American Red Cross- Basic History/Overview

Basic History/Overview: The American Red Cross is a non-profit organization supported solely off of financial donations and volunteers (community). Red Cross mission is to â€Å"provide relief to victims to victims of disasters and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies. Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton. Who was inspired by the Red Cross during the Prussian War. She first implemented what she had experience over in Europe in the U. S. during the Spanish American War in the 1898. The Red Cross joins more than 175 other national societies in providing aid to those in need across the world. The American Red Cross follows seven bylaws: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universalities. Today the Red Cross have over a half million volunteers and 35,000 employees. The President of United States is the honorary chairman of the Red Cross and appoints the eight governs. In recent history American Red Cross had had its share of troubles which stated at the top of the executive tree and has seen several top resignations in the last decade. Ethical Issues/Key Facts: Red Cross main issues were around mismanagement of funds and donations to the Red Cross. †¢ In 2001 the American Red Cross ousted Elizabeth Dole, due to the fact of slow responses to 9-11 attacks. This started the Era of host of top executive failures and the doors kept revolving every few years with new presidents. Resignations varied anywhere from slow responses to mismanagement, lack of communication to misconduct with financial funds. †¢ After 9-11 the Red Cross had established a fund for those impacted by the incident. Red Cross received over $500 million dollars in pledges but only contributed a 1/3 of those funds to the 9-11 relief efforts. This sparked an ethical issue with ARC as far as monetary donation mismanagement. †¢ Hurricane Katrina sparked another issue for ARC. Again had ARC received over $2 billion dollars in donations and the public scrutinize as what was done with that money. These responses were the outcome of fraudulent and inefficient decisions. †¢ Red Cross downfalls continuously tend to be around monetary donations and the management of those funds. Questions: 1. I think the biggest problem are those at the top and how they are giving severance upon getting fired or resigning due to fraudulent activities of mismanagement of funds. This sends out a message to employees that it’s ok if you at the top of the chain and take money from us (ARC) we will still compensate you at the end. ARC needs to regain it trust in the community and communicate with the public as to how funds are distributed and the manner they are distributed in. 2. Some of the problems that ARC encountered with handling donations was that the monies that were donated where not allocated according to that particular disaster. Initially triggering this was 9-11, the public was outraged. The ARC would create funds, for example the Liberty fund for 9-11, however only gave one-third of it to relief efforts. People gave these donations with intentions that ARC would use the monies for the victims and their families. Another issues was the slow response time with Hurricane Katrina and it’s relief fund. . The ARC has many issues as listed in the case from executive compensation, employee misconduct, considering all stakeholders and slow response time. But I think the overall reasoning is once again at the top with poor decision making, improper leadership skills and inadequate use of donations. And I think in order for ARC to avoid these issues they need to â€Å"clean house† and train corporate managers and volunteers, not to mention dev elop a process for better communication through out organization in time of disaster needs. . I think that organizational structure has a great effect on ARC ethical issues, because it goes hand and hand with compensation and communication. I think the ARC can be revamped organizationally from the top to the bottom and this would eliminate the biggest ethical issue ARC has, which is mismanagement of donations. I also think that ARC has more Chiefs then Indians. Meaning that ARC has to many people at the top, with little leadership skills and poor business tactics.

History of Magazines in Kenya

HISTORY OF MAGAZINES IN KENYA Magazines are a form of print media that are printed periodically for a specific group of people with a common interest. Magazine publishing started way back in the 1660s with Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Edifying Monthly Discussions) being the first magazine to be published in Germany and in the world as a whole. This was in the year 1663. However, the next magazine that followed was much different than the first. The Gentleman’s Magazine published in1731 in England included more entertainment in form of essays, stories, poems and political commentary.Magazines then looked like books, printed in black and white. They were merely a channel where literate men passed on their points in the above mentioned forms of entertainment. In 1739, The Scots Magazine was published and is still published up to date though as a daily business newspaper. In the year 1741, the first magazine in America was published and named American Magazine just three days before Benjamin Franklin’s General Magazine was published. Several magazines were then established until in 1933 when the first men’s magazine, Esquire was published.This was the beginning of special-interest magazines. Further on into the 1950s to 1970s, magazines were inclusive of models gracing their covers. Magazines in Kenya started publishing way back in the 1970s. An example of a magazine published then is Joe Magazine which was founded by Hilary Ng’weno, the publisher and Terry Hirst, the artist. This magazine was full of humour, used art and fiction to narrate cultural, political and social aspects of daily Kenya living. It target was the urban residents but after Ng’weno left in 1974, Hirst tried changing it to include the rural residents as well.However, it lost market and shut down in 1979. Ng’weno however did not end his publishing career there. He did some other publishing works such as Weekly Review, which nurtured important persona lities such as Hanningtone Gaya. In this era of modernity, magazines are grouped into three; * Consumer magazines: these are sold by subscription and at newsstands, in bookstores and supermarkets. * Industrial, company, and sponsored magazines: are produced by companies specifically for their employees, customers and stockholders and by clubs and associations for their members. Trade, professional, and business magazines: carry stories, features and ads aimed at people in specific professions and are either distributed by the professional organizations themselves or by media companies. (Baran) A lot of magazines have come up in Kenya in this century. These are such as the first men’s magazine in Kenya and East Africa known as HM (His Magazine) which is produced by Media Seven Group(Kenya) Limited. This magazine basically aims for men in between 21-40 years of age and it is all about knowledge and insights men could grasp to better their relationships.Media Seven Group also pr oduces Her Magazine, Monthly Motor, Mum and Dad, Teen Life, Business Monthly and G Magazine. Other magazines in Kenya are such as Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine, Passion, Pregnant, True Love, Parents (possibly the oldest magazine), The Insyder, Tupike, and Salon among others. SAMANTHA’S BRIDAL WEDDINGS MAGAZINE Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine is a consumer magazine that is based on weddings and acts as a guide for people planning their weddings. It was started in 2005 by Dr. Catherine Masitsa.The inspiration to begin Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine came from Going Out, a magazine that talked about interesting sites in Kenya. Dr. Catherine Masitsa saw the need for an informative magazine on weddings and all that is involved and thus Samantha’s Bridal Wedding Magazine. However, immediately after Going Out ended, she ventured into Business Woman, another magazine and later Samantha’s Bridal. Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazi ne is the first Kenyan wedding magazine and is named so after Dr. Catherine Masitsa’s mother and because it is â€Å"girly† and has a soft touch to it.PERSONNEL People involved in production of Samantha’s Bridal Magazine are editor at large (Catherine Masitsa), sub editor (Christabel Ododa), creative director, contributors, printers, advertising sales executive, advertising sales coordinator, distributors, photographers, models, make-up artists and advertisers. PROCESS AND PERSONNEL ROLES This magazine’s production technically has four stages. Stage one is research. The editorial team comes up with a blueprint which is the rough outline of what the magazines should look like.The Blueprint has the themes, how every page should look like, what should be included and who needs what for the magazine to come up. The editors look for material to write about in connection with the theme, enter contractual agreements with the models and photographers and search f or venues to build up the magazine. The editor is also involved in copyrighting which basically involves coming up with the words of the theme. In the latest issue of Samantha’s Bridal the theme was Dress trends, the writers thus had to look for something to write on dresses.The next stage is the design stage. In this stage is where the sub editor puts together the articles, arranges the articles and puts words in the advertisements. The work is then sent to the designer who lays out the tempo and the photos to come up with an authentic layout. After the designer has done his work its back to the editor for proof reading then to the designer again to prepare the artwork for print in PDF format in cd form to send to local printers and in transfer file protocol to send to international printers. The third stage is printing.The printer makes digital print outs of final look of the magazine which is sent back to the office for approval by the chief editor who has to sign every pa ge. The digital print outs are called proofs. Once the proofs are approved they are sent back to the printers then final printing begins. This process of printing begins when artwork is electronically transformed into a film which is then checked and transformed to the printing plate. The printing plates are then mounted on the web off-set printer which transfers the artwork on paper.Color separation on the papers is done through a process of colors, â€Å"CYMK†. This is cyan, yellow, magenta and black. The pages are mixed with these colors to differentiate between pictures and words. Printing starts with the light colors first and onto the dark colors. The machine sorts the papers from the first to last, binds the magazine and trims it into the size of that particular magazine. The last stage: the distribution of the magazine. Samantha Bridal Magazine uses PDS to distribute their magazine to all their advert clients and to supermarkets all over Kenya.Samantha’s Bridal Magazine produces 10,000 copies each selling at 495 Kenyan shillings. TREND CHANGE * Comparing magazines today and those in the past, there is evidence of a big difference embraced by the magazine industry. * There is use of more graphics and colored images to brighten and liven up the magazines. * Magazine publishers have ventured into the internet to meet the competition posed by other forms of media. * Publishers now are focused on concentrating on their defined audiences rather than the whole multitude. ETHICS Every magazine has a house style that makes it unique and distinct.A house style is the set of standards for the writing and design of an organization. House style identifies a particular company. This is seen in the font size, flow of articles, number of pages, size and layout of magazine. The magazine Industry is very cautious in terms of confidentiality and ethics. This is so in that, when a company wants an advertisement design made for them by the designer; it has to be sent back to the company for its approval. The proof is another example of cautiousness where every page has to be signed to show approval before the printer can go ahead.When a venue for taking photos is chosen the owners of the place have to approve the use of their place as well. Apart from approval by the concerned, magazines rarely face ethical dilemmas in terms of what they write about. This is because, they do not write on real life stories apart from events that have occurred such as parties or dinners. FUNDS Advertisements are what keep a magazine running. Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine has a sales team whose main work is to source for people who want advertisements. The team approaches agencies like Scan group to get companies to advertise with them.A full page advert cost 185,000 and this is basically how a magazine makes money. GOVERNING BODIES AND REGULATORS Government: it offers licenses to the publishing company of the magazine. For instance, Samantha bridals magazine is licensed to produce the magazine and air the TV show. Editorial style book: it governs how the magazine will look like. It is an organizational book that determines the layout of the magazine. THEORY APPLICATION According to Baran, Social Cognitive Theory states that people learn through observation- and applying it to mass media.We either imitate what we see or identify with it. When women look through the magazine, others get ideas of how they would want their weddings to be (imitation) while those who are already married appreciate what they see since they know the feeling (identification). CHALLENGES According to Hanningtone Gaya, publisher of the Media Seven Group magazines, these are the challenges magazine publishers in Kenya face; * Kenyan advertisers do not believe in advertising in magazines, therefore there is no advertising revenue to sustain magazine publishing. Kenyans do not like reading books or magazines, which undermines magazine circulation and subscription. * Most magazine publishers carry very shallow articles which are not well researched. * The magazines appear periodically and therefore disappointing to loyal readers, subscribers and advertisers. * The high cost of printing and poor quality in color printing is a major disadvantage in Kenya. { http://www. gvpedia. com/Kenya/Hanningtone-Gaya-Top-Magazines-Publisher. aspx} REFERENCES www. amanthasbridal. co. ke Stanley Murage- Creative Director, Samantha’s Bridal (0720316292) http://www. infoplease. com/ipea/A0154485. html#ixzz1bQvU4EoQ http://www. media7group. com/component/search/magazines%2Bhistory/%252F? ordering=&searchphrase=all http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Joe_%28magazine%29 http://www. gvpedia. com/Kenya/Hanningtone-Gaya-Top-Magazines-Publisher. aspx Baran S. J. , (2010), Introduction to Mass Communication. Media Literacy and Culture, 6th Ed. , McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Status Demand Respect

Respect has a great importance in our everyday life. As children we are taught to respect our parents, teachers, elders, school rules, traffic laws, family and cultural traditions, other people's feelings, and people's differing opinions. We come to value respect for such things when we're older as well as through our experiences in life. Sometimes we may shake our heads or fists at people who seem to have not learned to respect them. We develop great respect for people we consider pure and lose respect for those we discover to be artificial, and so we may try to respect only those who are truly worthy of our respect.In reality at some level, all people are worthy of respect. Respect is also important in today’s society. If you want a job and go to an interview for one, and you are rude to the boss you are most likely not going to get the job. Jobs and relationships become unbearable if we receive no respect in them and we don’t perform at 100 percent as a consequence. The price of disrespect if we violate the street law, â€Å"Diss me and you die. † is an increasingly part of public life this time of days.Members of racial-ethnic minorities and those discriminated against because of their gender, sexual orientation, age, religious beliefs, and economic status demand respect both as social and moral equals for their cultural differences. We live in a diverse nation made up of many different cultures, languages, races, and backgrounds. A variety that can make our lives very different and exciting if we get along. You may not like every single person you meet but if you respect them they will respect you and that will make life a bit simpler.We learn that our lives are better when we respect the things that deserve to be respected and that we should be courteous in giving respect to all equally. It is crucial that are lives depend every bit as much on whether we respect ourselves. The value of self-respect is something we take for granted in most cases, or we may discover how very serious it is when our self-respect is threatened, or when we lose it and struggle to regain it. In some cases people find out that finally being able to respect themselves is what matters most in life and they accomplish this by kicking a disgusting habit, or defending something they stand for.Others sadly discover that life is no longer worth living or cherishing if self-respect is irretrievably lost. It is essential that respect and self-respect are deeply connected with each other. It is tough if not merely impossible both to respect others if we don't respect ourselves and to respect ourselves if others don't respect us. One of the keys to building or tearing down ego is respect. The interchange of respect or failure to interchange respect can affect ones self esteem greatly. Sometimes it can take an eternity of investment to exhibit love, respect, admiration for ones self as well as for others.Respect to me, is a way of showing someone t hat you think highly of them and well, respect them. Respect is a very important part of life. If a person is respected, it makes him fell good and in return, he or she respects you. Respect is important to me because if a person didn’t respect anyone, he himself would not be admired, and over time, he would grow up to be a very rude and inconsiderate person. Rudeness and kindness are also two very big components of respect. Everyone has a different opinion on respect and who deserves theirs. If you are rude to people or a person, you are disrespectful.If you are purposely mean or nasty to people, you are disrespectful. Respecting teachers is a very important part of education and life. Teachers feel good when they are respected and tend to be less grumpy and nicer during the day. Respect can take years to earn or it can almost be earned overnight. Teachers, priests, authority figures and other groups of people spend years in school before they earn their respect. Musicians c an right a song and earn respect almost immediately. Respect is ten Gaining respect from someone is one of the hardest things to do.I think nowadays that it's even harder to gain respect from people than before. Most respect goes to the actors, actresses and musicians, so I guess people have some competition when it comes to that. Sure, there are people who do get respect for being kind, for not being a pushover, but most respect is given to those in â€Å"gaudy† careers, action can loose a person their respect. People can spend their whole lives thinking of ways to earn respect, but unless they do something they will never get it. In contrast respect is something everyone wants and something no-one wants to loose.

Demonstrating general management and presentation skills in the Case Study - 1

Demonstrating general management and presentation skills in the context of employee management and the regulation of employees - Case Study Example Such ways of management only create unmotivated and antagonized staff who then become unproductive. Intelligent communication is very important when giving directives to the employees. When emphasis is required, firm but respectful directives can be given in a good manner. In a case where a manager has committed a mistake, it is only honorable that they own up to it. This instill a sense of responsibility in their management skill and they may gain credibility and trust by their staff. It is not appropriate that they try to pass the blame to other people. A manager who accepts responsibility is more likely gain support and respect from its staff than one who runs away from them. Such managers then find it easy to proactively correct their mistakes and make them never to happen again. In a case where, in an organization, the sales of a particular month have risen, praising and rewarding the staff is a very noble practice for managers to do. Most managers like taking credit and basking alone in glory as if it was their own efforts that made the sales to rise. There are many cheap ways of rewarding the staff that make them motivating and not necessarily interfering with the organization’s budget. The manager will then build a good rapport with the staff that will help the organization realize even bigger goals. John is a manager at Times Investments. Recently, when he found out that one of his staff had misbehaved in the office during his absence, it was very amazing how he handled the situation. Everyone expected that Charles, the junior staff who had misbehaved, would be punished or even be sacked. However, John summoned Charles to his office and pardoned him for the mistakes he committed and only urged him to prove to John, by working hard, that he is really apologetic. John said to him, â€Å"I know that everyone makes

Designing Interventions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Designing Interventions - Essay Example Short term strategies should be dependent on management in its implementation whereas long term strategies should be dependant on external experts for implementation. Finally, it was realized that the intervention might in the short while bring some hardship on the economic fortunes of the company but in the long term there shall be productive benefits to be enjoyed by the company. The search for development in the midst of problems and challenges such as the one described faced by the organization is a whole system that demands carefully delivered models and processes to overturn. It is in this direction that the application of organizational development process skills by the executives of the organization becomes very necessary. As noted by the Office of State Personnel, North Carolina (2008), â€Å"the organizational development process is based on the action research model which begins with an identified problem or need for change.† This means a variety of skills that includes, assessment, planning, implementing the intervention, gathering data to evaluate the intervention, and determining if satisfactory progress has been made or if there is need for further intervention must all be used (Office of State Personnel, North Carolina, 2008 ). In brief, the executives of the organization must be on a search for a suitable intervention that addresses all aspects of the identified problem without leaving marginalized implications to the organization. The various stages and skills that need to be exhibited in this quest have been illustrated below. The intervention, or otherwise referred to as change strategy to be developed through the stages and skills discussed above need to be executed through short-term and long-term approaches. These long term and short term approaches can be summed up in two major forms of change strategies namely

REPORT ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN QATAR (Part in green2) Research Paper

REPORT ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN QATAR (Part in green2) - Research Paper Example One major challenge that is hindering the progress of Higher Education Sector is less number of male students and increasing dropout rate of students at the secondary education level (ElGahnem, 2012). The declining number of male students in higher education is because of their responsibility of supporting their family and they easily get attracted to jobs that require fewer skills. Most of the students lack vision about their future studies and are reluctant to explore new areas of studies; recently, the demand of graduates in healthcare, research and technological fields has increased and each one offers attractive career opportunities for graduates who acquire education in these fields. In Qatar, there are less opportunities for students as institutions offering these programs are new ones and attracting students is a bit difficult for them (Khodr, 2011). Initiatives taken for promoting Higher Education and Role of Overseas Universities In order to help students in gaining access to top ranked universities, public and private organizations are taking huge measures. All concerned authorities are working together to tackle challenges being faced by Higher Education sector so that they can provide right guidance to the future workforce of the country (Sawahel, 2012). Qatar’s government has observed that students are unable to get qualified for admissions in leading universities because they lack the skills and intellectual capabilities as the education system of the country does not match the standards set by international bodies. Qatar National Vision 2030 has been launched in November 2008 with the aim of providing support to the education system of the country. In the report, all initiatives that have been taken and those that will be implemented are provided with complete details (UNDP, 2012). The foremost initiative taken is development of Supreme Education Council which is responsible for designing and implementation of policies for promotion educa tion at all levels especially higher education so that the workforce is compatible to meet demands of country’s economy. Secondly, social mediums are being used by Qatar Foundation and Ministry of Education to create awareness about various career opportunities existing for the students along with attracting students to get enrolled in such programs. Incentives are being offered to students so that they are encouraged to acquire higher education such as study abroad on scholarship and getting enrolled in part-time education program along with work (Khodr, 2011). In order to provide directions related to vocational and technical education to students who cannot meet university’s admission criteria, they are offered the opportunity of getting enrolled in Diploma courses being offered by Qatar Founda

NIKE CASE STUDY based on Corporate Strategy Essay

NIKE CASE STUDY based on Corporate Strategy - Essay Example By focusing differentition on product, businesses could commnd premium prices for their products. Products represented top-of-the-line offerings in the industry. In this mrket, degree of differentition is not lrge. Nike entrees mrket where competitors cn differentite their products nd tht is why hve less rivlry. Rivlry is reduced where customers hve high switching costs - i.e. there is significnt cost ssocited with the decision to receive products from n lterntive competitor. Nike proposes to its customers competitive prices nd ensure customer stisfction. Nike's min competitor (Dniels et l 2006), dids, follows the strtegy which hs gret impct on competition. The nlysis suggests tht ny superior mtch between compny competencies nd customers needs permits the firm to outperform competitors. In generl, Nike bses its competitive strtegy on overll ledership nd differentition constructing the most efficient fcilities (in terms of scle or technology) nd obtins the lrgest shre of mrket. These dvntges, in turn, give them substntil led in terms of experience with building the service. Experience then leds to more refinements of the entire process of production, delivery, nd service, which leds to further cost reductions. Nike hs mrketble portfolio which ensures its ledership position on the mrket. The study reveled tht Nike does not pursue low-cost strtegies. Within these globl competitive environments, Nike overwhelmingly emphsizes differentition strtegies, where competitive positioning is predominntly bsed on qulity offerings nd brnd imge. Qulity is lmost universlly stressed s necessry determinnt of competitiveness. nother theme evident in the findings is the importnce strtegy-industry fit plys in determining business unit performnce. Here it is recognized tht perceptions of industry pressures my be more importnt thn the ctul pressures in determining strtegies nd hence performnce (Johnson & Scholes 2003). Question 2 In order to improve its strtegies position, Nike should chieve competition dvntge nd re-position itself. The compny cn position itself s premium brnd which proposes exceptionl qulity. While ll businesses my emphsize qulity, some my select strtegy bsed on further differentiting their offerings ccording to the qulity of the products nd services they provide. Indeed, in this study one of the dominnt competitive positioning strtegy types identified is 'high-qulity" (Johnson & Scholes 2003). Here, the emphsis on qulity permetes every ctivity long the vlue chin; qulity is clerly the overriding determinnt of competitive positioning. The exceptionl qulity is crucil for footbll tems nd the 2008 Europen Chmpionship. In this cse, qulity domintes competitive positioning nd differentites businesses in globl scle. Here, qulity is consistent with both innovtion nd speciliztion (Dniels et l 2006). Mngeril perceptions of strong pressures re evidence tht lrge number of businesses competing in globl industries mke imprecise ssessments of globl industry opportunities nd threts. It is possible to ssume tht Nike's competitors will follow cost focus strtegy nd cost differentition. dids, direct competitor of Nike, provides comprble buyer vlue but perform the ctivities less efficiently. In contorts, Nike performs the ctivities in unique wy which rises the vlue to the consumer nd thus llows them to commnd premium price - the

The Needs of Native Americans in Modern Day America Essay

The Needs of Native Americans in Modern Day America - Essay Example The present day American society banks largely on these Native Americans. It is because of these Native Americans that the basic culture and societal values of America are alive today. The trends and needs of these Native Americans are such that they require state of the art healthcare and educational needs, and they also want to remain in line with the attainment of the normal, day to day necessities, all of which are significant towards the domains of the Native Americans (Young, 1994). These needs keep on changing with the passage of time, however what is important is the fact that the modern day America learns a thing or two out of this composition of Native Americans within its folds. It is about time that these Native Americans are given their rights so that America as a whole could benefit from the very same undertakings. The problems that these Native Americans face are of a magnanimous nature. They comprehend that these problems are not entirely of their own making and hence they deserve much better at the hands of the authorities who enact policies and draft resolutions that are taken up within the supreme houses of the government nonetheless. The courts of law and other quintessential bodies within the state also need to pull up their socks and do their best at bringing a sense of solace and comfort for the sake of these Native Americans. The solutions to these problems could be understood when the state is serious in giving these Native Americans their due. It would mean that the government is now ready to draft policies which will look after the needs of these people as well as make the institutions powerful, all of which essentially look after the well-being of the general public and not just the Native Americans alone. It would be appropriate to state the both national and local level policies must be changed for the better. This could mean more growth and development to occur within the relevant ranks. It

Social Organized Crime Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Organized Crime Perspective - Essay Example They also operate through a hierarchical-based relationship. The paper explores some of the speculative and empirical theories that explain organized crime and their criminal behavior in terms of a social institution. Alien Conspiracy Theory According to this theory, outside influences are responsible for the organized crime to prevail in US society. Ethnicity is in the basis of alien conspiracy theory of the organized crime. Haller (1990) argues that organized crimes largely succeed forming lucrative partnerships based on common needs and rational business decisions. Alien conspiracy theory states that Sicilian immigrants are largely responsible in giving a shape to the US organized crime. Though many disagree with this and put forward their argument that even before the significant Italian immigration during late nineteenth century and thereafter, crime organizations did function in most of the US city. Italian mafias only exploited the situation to their advantage and augmented th e crime horizons (Shanty, 2008). Culture Deviance Theory Usually lower-class people violate the law due to their unique culture that is in conflict with the culture of the upper class and all criminal laws are formulated keeping upper class in focus. The lower-class life-style usually rejects government authority. It is easy for them to fall in trap of thieves, drug dealers, and law-breakers. Culture deviance theory suggests that when conventional lawful ways are blocked, it is obvious for youth belonging to the lower-class to get attracted and become a part of an organized crime group (Lyman &Potter 2007). Rational Choice Theory Classical school of criminology developed rational choice theory. According to this theory, people have free will and can take their decisions rationally. Ditto applies to the organized criminals who guided by their free will willingly choose crime activities. This theory proposes that every criminal fully knows about the risk and rewards associated to thei r wrongdoings. As they are aware about the financial benefits so they also know about the level of punishment that will be meted to them in the event they are trapped or captured. Conversely, those who do not commit crime decide so because they do not find it worth the benefits. The criminals rationally think about their likely success or failure rates for doing a particular crime and accordingly they plunge into the act (Lyman &Potter 2007). Socialization Process in Illegitimate Businesses Five major community functions such as socialization, production-distribution-consumption; mutual support; social participation and social control have been identified to understand organized crime as a social institution (Lyman &Potter 2007). The existence of organized crime depends on production-distribution-consumption dynamics of the community. The existence of organized crimes emerges from the failure of legitimate market to serve huge consumer population. In that sense, there is a great sim ilarity between legitimate and illegitimate businesses. Organized crime has a good interfacing with the community as they provide assistance to the community and at the same time take advantage of opportunities that are available. Organized crime devises roles for themselves in production-distribution-consumption function of the society. The gaps in community functions make a way for organized crime to exist and flourish. That is how the legal and illegal business activities functions side by side. Thus, organized crime becomes an instrument in socializing its

The Ties of Life into One Essay Example for Free

The Ties of Life into One Essay All works of literature are bound together in a deep, enigmatic way not visible to the eye at first look. Like pieces in a puzzle, even the most dissimilar pieces of writing fit together to construct the whole picture of the world of literature and life. Austerlitz and The Task of the Translator, taken together, demonstrate this idea. Though they are vastly unlike each other in their natures and features, their perspectives and their arguments, their style of written language and the category of writing in which they are found, they can still be drawn together and connected to form something distinctive and beautiful. If read and analyzed carefully, these two pieces of literary work can be put together to form another piece, one profound and exquisite, almost enigmatic and immense. They seem to be connected in some mysterious and unreachable way. From within them, a certain pull seems to issue, one intangible and indefinable, like the pull felt on viewing some veiled mystery in life, or on feeling or seeing something felt or seen in the past, in a dreamlike world. Both works have, in themselves, a meaning that goes beyond the surface, beyond sight and touch, and reach for the part of human life that lies Last name, page no. beneath and is unseen to the world. Both have these in common, there are profundity to them absorbs the careful reader into a soul-moving experience, but leave the quick, casual, shallow reader on the outside, wondering and uninformed, even bored or tired. The book Austerlitz is a highly descriptive narrative about Jacques Austerlitz, a German boy who lost his past in the ashes of the history of the Holocaust. Adopted by a Minister and his wife, he lived his life in oblivion to his own history, shrouded by fog and isolation he created for himself. Later, however, he experienced flashbacks and moments of vertigo, which began his search to discover his parents’ identity and the circumstances that led to his being left an orphan. The story is retold by a narrator who, by chance, encounters Austerlitz. Austerlitz tells him of his search for the past. Later, they plan meetings, and long descriptive and discourses follow as they speak of Architecture, Nocturnal Animals, and the Passages of the Paris library. Austerlitz seems to be simple at the start: it is about a boy who loses his parents in Germany and is adopted by a couple who raises him and keeps the secrets of his past from him until a later date. On the outset, it is a simple story of someone searching to find what has happened to him and who his true parents were. Then, confusion seems to build. The narrator of the book and Jacques Austerlitz seem to lose themselves in speaking of Architecture, Nocturnal Animals, and the passages about the Paris library. Where could these things lead, and relate to the theme and story of the book, to the lost boy trying to find his lost past? Last name, page no. But, if you dig deeper, and read carefully, you feel you are standing at the verge of a precipice with a whole sea of meaning beneath your feet. There is something behind the words, something that pulls your soul into it, but something you cannot grasp, or touch with human words. Jacques Austerlitz has lived his early life in silence and mystery. He seems to be going on quietly into the future, with the present a fog around him, and the past darkness. There is something about the strength of ignorance here: it must be a carefree life, but not a happy one. The minister and his wife later tell him about his past and his true name, but he does not seem to care to dig into his past, and is contented to live his life in that silent oblivion. Then, as he walked into a train station once, realization seemed to strike him like lightning. He suddenly experienced moments of vertigo, and flashbacks and memories came to him. Why a train station? It seems that he had been moving, like a train, steadily and mechanically toward a hazy, unknown future, but failing to realize that his past, too, was hazy and unknown, and he did not know the beginning of his destination. The clock, then, seemed to turn at this place. The train station depicted travel, and now his journey began, not into an unknown future, but into an unknown past. He seemed to turn around and reach for the things of the time that went before. The speeches with the narrator, which make up a large part of the book, are not confusing and contradictory, as they seem to be. Austerlitz speaks of architecture, in all its vastness and minuteness. Architecture is a vast subject, there are large arcs, large buildings, vast things; but it is also minute, there are corners, crevices, nooks, not seen by Last name, page no. the normal eye, but existing, anyway. These two elements are part of each other. They never can be parted and thought of separately. What could they have reminded him of? Why architecture? Could the forms of things, which hid a history of lives behind them, remind him of the past, of a warm hand to hold, of memories buried into great walls and hidden crevices, like the fog that enveloped him in oblivion? Philosophers and nocturnal animals have a lot of similarities. After all his arguments, this veiled idea lies beneath all, that philosophers, like night-animals, see when everyone else seem to be asleep. They seem to have reached a deeper knowledge, which bears them up above the everyday passages of human life, with all its superficial knowledge and unthinking ways and speeches. Philosophers seek to interpret the whole of human life within the cloak of a history not untold, and therefore the history must be told. The passages of the Paris library are veiled in mystery, like the mystery of life, like the many passages in memory. They are all built together to form one building, one life, but the many passages are lost in the dark, winding and winding, and not found until explored. All are mysterious, all are beautiful, and, though some are hidden in the dark, all must be part of the whole, and all must be found out: all the parts of his life, though some are hidden in the dark, must be explored and found out. The background of this story, of course, is the Holocaust. Though the narrative is silent, and seems to turn its head from looking into the face of that horrible time in history, the context embraces it and it hangs over the whole story like the sky hangs above us all. Every moment is enfolded in this history, a contrast to Austerlitz, who tries Last name, page no. to escape his past. But the cause of his trouble is the war itself, and though no passage looks at it directly, a silent voice seems to cry against it, and, like the passages of the library, all are a part of the whole. He seems to be saying, besides, that Germany must reconcile itself with its history of the Holocaust and should not hide in its oblivion, but embrace the moment, and the ground of its memory. â€Å"For instance, if I am walking through the city and look into one of those quiet courtyards where nothing has changed for decades, I feel, almost physically, the current of time slowing down in the gravitational field of oblivion. It seems to me as if all the moments of our life occupy the same space, as if future events already existed and were only waiting for us to find our way to them at last, just as when we have accepted an invitation we duly arrive in a certain house at a given time. And might it not be, continued Austerlitz, that we also have appointments to keep in the past, in what has gone before and is for the most part extinguished, and must go there in search of places and people who have some connection with us on the far side of time, so to speak? † (Sebald 257-258). He seems to be saying this: all of individual experience is at once vast and minute; the grief of history cannot be consoled; and the moment and its ground of memory and history is dazzling in its quiet mystery. He is speaking of life, with all its little gifts and mysteries, how all of life is connected to itself, how the ground upon which we stand is full of memory, how today reaches out and touches yesterday, and together, reach over into what will be tomorrow. There is his history, pulling him back, there is architecture, part of yesterday, and part of today; there are the moths forming arches over boys’ heads, Last name, page no. full of mystery and the gifts of today; there are the passages about the library, full of the past, and yet existing, full of today, if explored and embraced. The Task of the Translator is a very deep piece of writing which shows a number of things about translating from one language to another. The author speaks of translating an original work of literature and some of the misconceptions of people who undertake to do that work. He defines translation in a way unthought-of and deeper than life. He speaks of the kinship of all the languages of the world, and says that all must strive for the ‘pure language,’ which is untranslatable in itself. Translations must be faithful to the original, but they must add more elements to themselves to lead closer to that ‘pure language. ’ â€Å"Although translation, unlike art, cannot claim permanence for its products, its goal is undeniably a final, conclusive, decisive stage of all linguistic creation. † (Benjamin 3) This, according to him, is the task of the translator: to move closer to this language, which is above all, and divine truth. The Task of the Translator seems to puzzle more than Austerlitz does. The themes can be seen with careful probing in the latter, but in the former, there seems to be a depth quite beyond, a mystery that cannot be solved, but that must be interpreted by us in whatever ways will benefit us best. Walter Benjamin’s style is more dense and thoughtful-his points are scattered throughout the article, and merged here and there with common misconceptions and the truth. His point is hidden in a dark sea of language, but his points, as they come, rise here and there, like sudden burst of light upon the mind. Like Austerlitz, the article seems to be a practical piece of writing, one written to guide translators in the task of translating literature. His points, though, seem so deep and Last name, page no. so buried that it becomes confusing at once. IS he guiding translators in the way that they should go? Or is he writing some deep literature about language and divine truth, knowledge and what lies beyond? He buries his thoughts in language so deep and so dense, so full of meaning and so difficult to grasp at. At this point, when his work has been read and reread, there seems to be a depth beneath, the same depth felt on reading Austerlitz. The soul seems to be pulled higher, yet deeper, into something whose presence was never expected to exist. He speaks of languages and how they are all related to each other in that they are born to express what is common to us: life. â€Å" languages are not strangers to one another, but are†¦ interrelated in what they want to express † (Benjamin 2) There is relatedness about them, and they cannot be separated. Moreover, they are not like each other at all. Each language has its own element which the others do not; each is special in its own way, touched by the fingers of something deeper than what they seem on the outset. He speaks of a pure language, which is, in itself, untranslatable and, above all, the core of meaning. The original strives to relate itself to this pure language, but not any work of literature or art can aspire to it. Translations come after, after the original has passed, and modifies it, striving, in itself, to reach higher than the original has, for the pure language. Both works do not contradict each other. The original seems to have nothing to do with the translation, and the translation is not a mere copy of the original. Instead, both of them are like pieces in a puzzle, each aspiring to come together for the aspiration for the pure language, which is beyond, which is untranslatable. â€Å"In translation the original rises into a higher and purer linguistic air, as it were. † (Benjamin 3) Last name, page no. He seems to speak of this pure language as the language of God, the language of true meaning, the language of divine truth. He seems to say that all languages are united, seeking for the language of God. In this, divine truth is hidden. All are part of a whole, all are related. Nothing can be taken by itself; nothing can be read by itself. It does not matter of the reader, of the one who observes the art, it is the aspiration for the better, the pure, the Good, the Divine. He is full of contradictions. He seems to desire translators to follow some way, not to stick to the original, but to aspire for higher language, but he seems to say, in another and more hidden way, that this is impossible to do. It is not an article that teaches translators, it is a hidden work of the true language, of his beliefs that divine truth can come with the pure language. There seems to be a deeper relation between the two works than their mystery and depth. They seem to pull themselves into something: ONE. Austerlitz ties all life into one: the horrors of the past, the inconsolable pains of history, the gifts of today, the ground of the moment, and what stood on that ground before the moment existed, the passages leading to nowhere, but all proceeding from one, the secret heart. And the Task of the Translator ties all language (and all life, because language is only the expression of life) into one: one great language, one truth, one divine good, one pure language into which all things merge. All are part of a whole. All are united. All language, all life, come down to ONE. Appendix Benjamin, Walter. The Task of the Translator. New York: Routledge, 2000. Sebald, W. G. Austerlitz. New York: Random House, Inc. 2001.

Loreal; beauty products company

Loreal; beauty products company LOREAL 1.Introduction Loreal is the worlds biggest cosmetics and beauty products company. Basically its a French based company and its headquartered in Paris. It is focusly engaged in the field of production and marketing of concentrating on hair colours, skin care, perfumes and fragrances, make up and styling products. Loreal products also based on dermatological and pharmaceutical fields. Their products are made for Individual and professional customers. This company operates over 130 countries like Asia, America, East and West Europe through 25 international brands. This company started with the 3 employed persons but now research team exist nearly 2000 persons. Loreal started its business in the hair color but in short time company also jumped into the cleansing and beauty products. The company has five research and development centre throughout the world. Loreal mostly emphasis to built strong consumer relationship so the companys lifestyle and philosphy to provide more satisfaction to the consumer with the loreal products. So, The slogan of company is â€Å"Because were worth it†. They also produce products for the kids known with the name of Loreal kids. 2. Stockholders 30.8% ownership by Bettencourt Family. 29.6% by Nestle. 3.2% by treasury shares. Rest of 36.4% by public traded. 3.SWOT Analysis Internal Analysis 3.1 Strengths The primary strength of the company is always keep doing the new research and innovations in the beauty so thats why loreal always gives best to the customers. Even in the competition market also because of the researching strategy they are the leader in the beauty and cosmetics field. Other strength of the Loreal is that they set more attention in their particular acts and activities. Their acts and activities are going to separate in the five groups. These groups includes First is the Consumer product division in which all their range distributed through massive markets. Loreals products and quality available to maximum customers or consumers and their luxury international brand product division available through perfumeries, departmental and duty free shops. Their professional hair care products used by the professional hair dressers and also sold to the customers through salons. These divisions and sub-division maintains the quality of Loreal group. The other enumerated strength of the company is Loreal advertising strategy it also play very vital role towards the companys growth. In the course of achieving the culture of their target market advertisement is the best way. 3.2 Weaknesses The biggest weakness which a company always facing is that its decentralized organizational structure. This problem is also faced by the Loreal. Because of the many subdivisions of this company it is not easy to operate and control of Loreal. So, because of this the production of company getting slow down. Other weakness which the company faces that it that their profits. The margin between their cost price and selling price is comparatively low than their other smaller competitors. So, the profit does not match with their expectations. This is also happen because of large scale advertising and marketing. Lastly, due to its multinational marketing strategy, even theres also some diffrences occurred in the promotion and campaign of Loreal products as to what image they are to be project. External Analysis 3.3 Opportunities The loreal company focuses on the beauty and cosmetics products for the women of all the ages. The regular demand for beauty products gives opportunity to the company to keep their focus in their specialized field, specially on the hair stying and color, perfumieries, cosmetics and skin cares. Exist as the leading brand in their field the company has well known image in the world. Even in the developing countries also. Another opportunity for the company is that taken from their greater market share due to the numbers of patents registered by the company. 3.4 Threats The basic threat to the company is facing competition within the field of cosmetics brands. Because of the keeping going addition in the products, theres the danger that some other brand may take the profit of Loreal. Other threat to the company is different economy. Because most of the products are only within the reach of the people of developed countries but some how Loreal solve this problem they make products for the people of under-developed countries also. Thus the Loreal company produce the product of best of it line even people may tell that their products are not upto their basic needs and would reject to buy the Loreal product. PEST Analysis Each and every company must follow some strategy for their existence and growth in the business. So, thats why Loreal also follows the Pest analysis because they believe that it may have some impact on the companys present and future. Political Analysis Political factor always make effects the business specially during the period of elections. Every government make different strategies and rules regulations so it really makes effects the business because it is not easy to adapt that changes for the whole business so thats why even sometimes company have to bear the great loss. Economic Analysis The economy measures the strength of the policy to support the business cycle and specially in the period of recession. In terms of economic growth it is necessary to create business environment more attractive in which business can be fully establish and grow. Taxation law always effects to the way business is conducted. Social Analysis The todays young social factor is quiet diverse. To being in the market every business needs to examine customers demand, their buying pattern and must be innovative. People wants to be more socially aware and concerned about environmental and ethical issues. Females are particularly influenced by social issues as environment or community related. Customers are very conscious about their image. They have different opinions so they will look for different brands that really suits their personality and also reflects current fashion. The society is more complex and diverse therefore the people likely to adapt diversity in their life. Technological Analysis These days usually companies compete at global level so thats why rapid development comes in the technology. It is an ability of an organization to adapt and use latest technological advanced softwares for the sake of security as this security can reduce the different illegal working behaviour such as fraud, shop lifting, misconduct and so on. 5. Aims And Objectives To provide best quality product to the consumers. To be friendly and helpful towards customer and staff also. Treat everyone equal so thats why their products available in every range. 6. Company marketing Strategies Customer Satisfaction 6.1 (Product) The Loreal group is known for their regular improvement in their quality of their product and services which they provide to their customers. Their products are stylish and according to the latest fashion trends. Though provide a wide variety so their products are available in reasonable range to luxurious too. So, they always give customer satisfaction. 6.2 (Price) Loreal is famous throughout the world for setting the fashion trend. So, the price of their products are also caters according to the demand and budget of the customers from young to the aged ones. 7. Control of the Company The success of company depends upon their leaders or staff that how they run and handle the business. The company Loreal is very conscious about the governance of company. Their directors and members are very perfect in their jobs because they know very well that the future of the company is in their hands. So, they are well aware of their responsibilities and act according to the demand. 8. Worldwide Marketing 8.1 Place of promotion The Loreal group planned strategy to do marketing in the worldwide. So, at their primary stage they did the research and understand the demand of their customers and this strategy help the company to formulate products that suits the customers thoroughout the world. Through their research and development Loreal mostly covers all the parts of the world and still got highest rating from customers. 8.2 Promotion Strategy Advertising is the best way to increase the sales of the products and also helps specially to promote the new product and keep that in the mind of public. So, Loreal also follows this strategy through print media and multimedia So, Loreal uses the actors of different ages and personality for their promotion. 9. Recommendations I would suggest Loreal should follows the decentralised strategy so the complexity in their business decreases. Loreal should use better visual display in the stores to look product more fashionable. 10. Implementation plans Loreal group contribute to the community at such worthy cause as â€Å"For women in science† and educational opportunity they have done partnership with UNESCO in 1998, this programme promotes the role of women in scientific field and also encourage the young women throughout the world to come and join this stream. In evey country government apply the rules for the cosmetics companies to write the ingredients which they used in their product so before buying the product customers knows everything about that. Loreal is very careful about their ingredients and very particularly while select the ingredients. So, the company hired the well qualified and trained scientists and they use natural and synthetic substances and conscious for the formulation of product, its functions, use and concentration, absorbed in skin, its purity and stability. Company ensures that their product whether it consist with natural or synthetic substances it is equally safe to use. 11. Target Market Loreal has rapid growth in his business and keep focus on the new target market. It is leader in fast fashion world and quickly turned according to the demand of the customers ant their traditional strategy to existing leader market. Since 1990 their sales always double every year. To attract new market and also hold the established customers they always come with something new and different. They also target on their little competitor because some how these little companies effects their business they want to take over that companies. 12. Conclusion Loreal is a well known brand around the world and easy to get it across the world. It sets the fashion trend. With the passage of time they increases its strength and reduces the weaknesses. The company very much emphasis on the advertisements to keep its name in the public.

Responsible For National Disharmony Politics Essay

Responsible For National Disharmony Politics Essay

Educating Rita :: Free Essay Writer

Educating Rita Although Rita knows that intellectual enlightenment is important, to Rita, education provides much more to her in Willy Russell’s Educating Rita. Rita’s education is not restricted to scholastic learning alone, her transformation from the uneducated Rita to the educated Susan is all encompassing. Rita sees and understands the importance of being well educated, but for Rita, education helps her to overcome her background and break away from the traditional role expected of a woman in the 1970s. Rita has set herself on a course of self-discovery, she has a determination to control her own life and make her own choices. Rita believes it is education that will give her these choices. Rita knows that the value of education goes far beyond simple intellectual enlightenment. Education entirely changes Rita which, though she is prepared for a change, effects her life enormously. Rita’s background has held her back and put her at a disadvantage. There was a great deal of research done in the 1970s to show that middle class children were far more likely to do well at school and to go on to university than working-class children like Rita. Rita’s schooling disadvantage is shown in her recollection of school life: â€Å"†¦borin’, ripped-up books, broken glass everywhere, knives an’ fights. An’ that was just in the staffroom. Nah, they tried their best I suppose, always tellin’ us we stood more of a chance if we studied. But studyin’ was just for the whimps, wasn’t it? See, if I’d started takin’ school seriously I would have had to become different from me mates, an’ that’s not allowed.† (Act 1, Scene 2, p17) Rita felt the need to conform to the way everyone around her lived their lives until she realised that there was a way out. The class antagonism that pressures Rita can be seen through language misunderstandings between Frank and Rita: Frank: You are? Rita: What am I? Frank: Pardon? Rita: What? Frank: Now you are? Rita: I’m a what? (Act 1, Scene 2, pp2-3) Education is the only way Rita can fulfil her desire to overcome the working class background she has been born into. Rita feels that through education she can break away from the traditional expectations placed on a working class woman in the 70s. Pressures and influences on Rita are mostly from her family, in particular her husband. â€Å"I told him I’d only have a baby when I had choice.

Ghost Story of Santa Fe Ghost Trail Essay -- Ghost Stories Urban Lege

Santa Fe Ghost Trail As I sat down with the narrator in his dorm on a Sunday afternoon—not the most appropriate time for ghost stories—he told me this well known ghost story from New Mexico. The storyteller is an 18-year-old male freshman majoring in international relations who is from Bethesda, Maryland. He is biracial with an American father and a Taiwanese mother. Born in California and raised in Colorado, the storyteller is a converted Christian. The teller was in the Boy Scouts, which is where this story comes from: There’s this really small highway town in New Mexico called Cimarron, and it’s small now but in the late 19th century it was a bustling crossroads for all sorts of people – gold speculators, ranchers, oilmen, and especially those vagrant characters, like Billy the Kid, seeking refuge from whatever lawman was on his tail. In Cimarron is this hotel, the Santa Fe Hotel, and they say that this place is the most haunted hotel still in operation, in the west. The lights flicker on and off, and people, visitors just say they encounter really weird things – like if you go in this one room, you might see a woman out of the corner of your eye, sitting on the windowsill and looking out for someone. And when you turn to face her, she disappears, but all of a sudden you smell a subtle waft of strawberry-scented perfume. Weird – yet you still not sure if this is true? Sounds sketchy, I know. Oh – I should say this hotel is haunted because 23 people have b een shot to death in the hotel, either from a bar-fight or card-game or something. Well I went to stay at the hotel for a night, before I headed on to a nearby Boy Scout camp. I went with my troop, and we all got our own rooms. Guess what room I got – the strawbe... ... he brought it back with his great emphasis and repetition of certain words. For example, he repeatedly imitated the clicking sounds that he experienced. This reenactment drew the attention of the audience and placed the audience in the hotel room that he was sleeping in, therefore made the story scarier. Also, the storyteller narrated in the first person. Because his personal experience was incorporated into the story, it made the story seem closer to the audience. An interesting aspect of the story is that it incorporates an actual location and history into a ghost story: it is intriguing because the mysterious events occur in an accessible place that people can go and visit. Works Cited â€Å"Santa Fe hotel echoes with legends.† CNN news. Oct 12, 2004. http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&category=475&item=2278226756&rd=1 (Oct 16, 2004).

Questions for Exam 3

1) social control theory is traced to the 18 th century work of which theorist? 2)social control theorist ask which theoretical question? 3) beccaria's social control theory argues individuals are? 4) Ivan Nye introduced which ideal to social control theories? 5) according to Nye ___refers to rules and Norms that are instilled in conscience as children 6) social control theories argue deviance is a caused by? ) things to keep students busy after school exhibit which of the four components to Hirschi's social bond theory 8)Hirschi's argument that juveniles who enter adulthood too soon, are more likely to become deviant which form of social bond does this support? 9) when deviance is perceived to not cause injury or harm to anyone it is which technique of neutralization? 10) which theorist introduced techniques of neutralization to social control theories? 11)techniques if neutralization are used in order to? 2)according to Sykes techniques if neutralization Robin Hoods behavior of ste aling from the rich to give to the poor is justified and neutralized through which technique? 13) which if the following are not examples of victimless deviance include? 14) which additions to social control theories would examine the different levels of control placed on boys and girls in particular households as affecting deviance? 15) according to the power control theory ___ constitutes the primary agents of socialization in the family 16) which theory is designed to predict all behaviors beyond criminal and or delinquent? 7)the general theory of crime argues what about self control and stability? 18) which theorist explains the stages and trajectories of deviance of life course theories 19) which of the following is not a component of life course theory in theorizing a lesser likely hood of deviance? 20) life course theories examine and primarily focus on the social bonds between? 21) which of the following are labels found in high schools 22) which theoretical orientation exam ines the social meaning of deviance through labels and how people are understood and defined through such stereotypes 23) symbolic interactionism is a ___level perspective 4) what is key in defining deviance? 25) according to labeling theorists which of the following statements are true? 26) _____is a status imposed on an individual or a group which may or may not be related to actual rule breaking 27) labeling theorists ask which of the following questions 28) which labeling theorist examined police contact and juvenile delinquency, in which he argued the contact may over dramatize relatively common acts of deviance? 9) _____ deviance is when common violations of the norms occur and the identity of a deviant is not developed 30) ____ deviance is when deviant behavior occurs as a means of defense, attack or adjustment by a label and reactions to labels already developed 31) which labeling theorist introduced primary and secondary deviance to this orientation 32) a ____ status refers to the status that shapes perception and behavior of those around you and is considered the most important status 33) which of the following ways does labeling lead to secondary deviance? 4) which type of deviant act is considered residual rule breaking? 35) residual rule breaking is a form of what type of deviance? 36) which of the following are major findings in the roughnecks and saints study? 37) which of the following theorists introduced the ideas of intergravity shame and stigmatization effects of labeling in his piece crime, shame and reintegration? 38) ___ is when an individual is viewed as a good person but they have just committed a bad deed. 9)which theorist found mental illness stigmas or consequential and negatively affect those with a mental illness life 40) labeling theorists would argue that which of the following policy implications 41) ____ theories would study cooperation's and the human suffering corporate action and power struggle cause to society 42) which th eoretical orientation examines the social construction of deviance by deconstructing conflicting groups and discourse of attitudes, legal rights, implications of change etc.? 43) conflict and Marxist theories are _____ perspectives 4) what type of economic system are Marxist and conflict theorist critical of 45) according to conflict theorists which of the following statements is true? 46) ____ theorists argue revolutionary overthrow of the capitalist system 47) _____ theorists argue reform rather than revolutionary overthrow 48) which Marxist theorist wrote communist manifesto? 49) __ and ___ theories recognize conflicts exist especially in capitalist societies and it arises from power 50) which Marxist theory argued capitalist conflict is divisonary meaning it is designed to keep workers focused on issues promoting division competition and is vs. them mentalies

Pablo Picaso “Olga”

The portrait of Olga is a naturalistic depiction of Picasso’s wife. I think that the missing arm chair, the shadow, the darkness, and the paleness of Olga are a sign from Picasso that their relationship was not always so good. I assume this because from the site http://www. sapergalleries. com/PicassoWomen. html I found that their marriage had its ups and downs and they were two different people. This painting is well painted. It gives me a feeling that Olga was present when Picasso painted this portrait. This woman is beautiful and I think that Picasso would paint his wife beautifully.The imperfections in the Olga portrait remind me of Picasso’s first Cubism painting, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon because of the shadow in the back ground that does not seem to fit Olga’s shape. If you look at the Cubism painting Picasso uses a lot of shadow and fuzzy lines in the back ground behind the women. I believe that when you look at the Olga painting long enough you can tell that is was not meant to be a perfect portrait of his wife therefore I believe that it is more of a cubist painting. That is very interesting because I thought that is looked as if the painting was done in person.Now that I know that he painted Olga from a photograph of her does not change my mind that the piece reflects the cubism paintings. In the other painting the women that Picasso pained the women look distorted and not human like. I believe that these women probably were not painted by picture but by imagination and emotion of Pablo Picasso. All in all, I believe that Picasso had a talent of portraying women in many different ways. His work is fascinating and very different than a lot of other artists work.

Transition from Early Years

This assignment is based upon my understanding of child development and children’s learning, considering the curriculum for the Early Years and the curriculum for the Early Years Foundation Stage/Key Stage One. I propose to outline a rationale for effectively continuing children’s learning, from the end of the Early Years Foundation Stage into Year One and include strategies to support transitions, effective curriculum delivery and links between the EYFS and the National Curriculum. Throughout the assignment I will refer not only in general but also to how my research has help me as a practitioner help my setting to effectively continue children’s learning. Looking at Government reports about transition from the Foundation Stage to Key Stage One, Ofsted nationally identified issues between reception and Key stage One practice. In 2004 they produced a report entitled Transition from the Reception Year to Year 1 (Ofsted 2004). Findings suggested that there was not enough consideration relating to the Foundation Stage and Year One curriculum. Ofsted recommended the following ‘point for action’ â€Å"Schools which admit pupils to the Foundation Stage should ensure that learning experiences in Year One build upon practical approaches and structured play in Year R (Reception) (Ofsted 2004:3) The Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) and research from the National Foundation for Education Research (NFER) identified the biggest challenge to transition, as the EYFS curriculum is play based, Key Stage One is a more structured curriculum. They found that some children were worried about moving into Year One because of the amount of work expected and the length of time they were expected to sit and listen to the teacher. The government decided to produce a guidance document entitled Continuing the Learning Journey (NAA 2005) which is attended to support schools and Local Authorities in working towards improving transitions between the Foundation Stage and Key Stage One. The Foundation Co-ordinator and Year One teacher from school attended this course about two yeas ago and have tried to improve the transitions between our unit and Key Stage One. More recently the Head and Deputy Head teachers have attended several courses relating to the Proposal of the New Primary Curriculum. Sir Jim Rose has proposed a number of changes to the New Curriculum which will impact on transition and include moving away from Primary subjects and towards new ‘areas of learning’ that are intended to be linked to the EYFS. A number of staff meetings have taken place within our school discussing the review of the New Primary curriculum with all Teachers and hopefully will be implemented across the whole school as soon as possible this depending upon the forthcoming election. Unit meetings have started to take place enabling Foundation Staff and Year One staff to look at how the EYFS and the New Primary Curriculum objectives overlap/link enabling Year One teachers to continue each individual child’s learning journey. All teachers know that children are different, each one having their own ‘Unique’ individual needs. When a child leaves the Foundation Stage and enters Key stage one, they have not necessarily achieved all the objectives in their profile and therefore are not ready to access the Year one National Curriculum. I can see little benefit to any child beginning Year One Numeracy and Literacy objectives, in particular, with children who are not ready in terms of ability and maturity. It makes far better sense to begin Year One with the children’s profiles and to allow time for each child to achieve all the profile objectives before launching into the more demanding Year One objectives. If you look at the PSRN and CLL objectives for the latter part of the Early Years Foundation Stage and Numeracy and Literacy for Year One term one, there is an overlap, with the Early Years Foundation Stage goals including some of the National Curriculum level One. Similarly, there are objectives in the Early Years Foundation Stage profiles in other areas of learning which overlap with the Year one objectives in Science, History and Geography, ICT, Design technology and RE – KUW. PSHE and citizenship – PSED. Music, art, drama and creativity – CD and Physical development-PD. In addition, simply because a child moves from the Foundation Stage into Key Stage One shouldn’t mean that the curriculum ceases being active. Young children learn best when they are engaged in worthwhile, hands on experiences. On the same premise, play does not have to end but it needs to be teacher initiated and led in order to be of much educational value, for instance, children are unlikely to spell words correctly, if there isn’t a teacher to help sound out the letters in the word. Ros Bayley and Sally Featherstone are writers on teaching and learning have written a book entitled Smooth Transitions. In it they state ‘a three year olds brain is twice as active as an adult brain and this level of activity continues to the age of 9 or 10. Children develop 50% of their eventual ability to learn before the age of 4 and another 30% before they are 8. Adult interaction and physical activity continue to make a massive difference to learning during childhood’ When measuring the difference between boys and girls they found that ‘most girls have made sufficient links to their brains to begin the complex skills of reading and writing by the time they are four and a half while in most boys it is nearer to six’ They also say that research from all over the world tells us that children learn best from doing and that boys are â€Å"doers†. If we want boys to succeed in the Foundation Stage and into Key Stage One we must allow them to develop through an active curriculum. Bayley and Featherstone conclude that everything we know about the brain is consistent with the guidance for the Foundation Stage. We must use that knowledge in Key Stage One and use it to shape how we teach rather than what we teach. There will also be children in Foundation Stage who by the end of the year are already accessing aspects of Year One curriculum. This is sometimes of particular significance for the summer-born Foundation Stage children, who may turn five right at the end of the Foundation Stage year therefore close liaison between staff regarding the academic and personal aspects of each child’s development is absolutely vital. The detailed knowledge that support staff have of the children as people and learners should be shared. Time and effort invested in this will help with differentiation, as well as children’s wellbeing, on entry into Year One. As part of my research, I visited the Year One class teacher in our school to establish how she plans for the transition from the Early Years Foundation Stage into Year One and to get her views about whether the transition process the school has in place is a ‘seamless journey’ or if there was more staff could do to improve this. One of the Year One teacher’s worries as I am sure is the same with most Year One teachers is the pressure she feels under to achieve outcomes to get children ready for Year Two Standard Assessment Tests (SATS). But as from this year our school has abolished not only Year two but Year Six SATS as well. This will ease the pressure enabling her to concentrate more on the transition period and continuing each child’s learning journey. The transition process we have in place for starting Nursery and reception is, I believe a ‘seamless journey ’ The Early Years Foundation Unit recognise that the transition from the home to Nursery and Nursery to Reception class is an important step in a child’s school life and it is our intention to make this a positive experience for every child. We endeavour to provide our children with a smooth transition from home to Nursery and Nursery to Reception Class. Yewdale Early Years Foundation Unit brochure 2009/10) however my opinion is that the transition from The Early Years Foundation Unit to Year One has not been successful, perhaps this is because that since I have been working in the Unit, big changes have taken place; The Foundation co coordinator leaves, an NQT takes over reception class and the role of EYFS coordinator (who has made a huge impact to the unit and who has become a great team Leader and friend), a new head teacher takes over the school and the Nursery and Reception classes merge to become a Early Years Foundation Unit and the Year One teacher is on maternity leave. This module I believe has helped me to make a positive contribution to the whole school approach about how we are going to help the children leaving the Early Years Foundation Unit have a smooth transition into Year one. Meetings have taken place between the Early Years coordinator and foundation staff and the Year One teacher and teaching assistant to discuss as a team, strategies to support transitions and to imply them during the summer term. Taking into consideration, the aim of the EYFS, is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes therefore by looking at the Every Child Matters document focusing on the five outcomes be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being I believe that by ensuring that children grow up to lead a safe, happy, healthy and successful life the transition strategy process should be; Be Healthy: Guidelines in place to ensure pupils physical and emotional health. Children are supported through the transition period by ensuring that Year One Staff have a full and accurate picture of each child’s needs prior to teaching them. During the Summer Term children have an opportunity to visit their new classes and meet their new teachers and stay for short visits and for the Year One teacher to visit in the reception class where the children are in familiar secure surroundings. Year One children have timetabled sessions in the Reception Outdoor area, the Year One class does not have access to their own outdoor area, and this enables hysical activity to take place in familiar surroundings. Stay Safe: The school to provide a safe environment and ensures that pupils know the school’s expectations for conduct and behaviour. Foundation Stage Unit Classes use the Key Stage One playground at lunch times throughout the school year and at playtimes during the Summer Term. This enables the children to become familiar with the rules and routines of Year One rules. From the Spring Term children in the Foundation Stage, reception age children only have access to morning playtimes and dinnertime playtimes. Enjoy and Achieve: The school provides an environment and atmosphere in which pupils feel safe and happy, and therefore can enjoy and achieve within the school environment. Children should see similar areas of provision in the Year One classroom e. g. role play, construction, sand/water, writing materials, well organised and accessible resources, staff working together, children should experience a similar environment. Learning through first hand experiences and being able to learn outside. The Year One class has got similar continuous provision areas to the Early Years Foundation Unit, which includes role play, sand/water, creative, construction, small world, reading area and access to laptops. They do not have access to their own outdoor area, this is the case in many schools, but do have three outdoor ‘playtimes’ a day two with Reception and Key stage one and one at lunch time with the whole school. Resources in Year One should be built up to reflect the Reception classes and more kinaesthetic experiences have been woven into the curriculum. The Foundation Unit and Year One class conduct PSHE and Circle Time Sessions using the SEAL/SEAD Programme and provide opportunities to share children’s thoughts and feelings regarding transition into Year One and to incorporate a variety of learning styles into Foundation Stage and Year One planning to engage all children, I think it is very important as a practitioner to take time to find out how the children in your care feel, therefore by giving them opportunities to express their feelings through drawing, painting or writing will help us to make their journey as seamless as possible. Make a Positive Contribution: Pupils are supported and helped to develop socially and emotionally through Circle Time (SEAL), classroom rules and routines and the schools’ Behaviour Policy. From Reception children are able to represent their class through the forum of the School Council so that pupils’ voices are heard. These meetings are held weekly and discussed with the rest of the school during assembly times. Achieve Economic Well-Being: Aim to provide good quality education and to prepare pupils for the future. Looking at the continuity of teaching and learning an effective curriculum delivery, in the Summer Term Reception Classes should begin to take on some elements of the more formal aspects of learning, whilst still engaging in active learning experiences. This continues in the Autumn Term of Year One and beyond. Reception and Year One staff liaise closely during the Autumn Term to ensure that the needs of individual children are fully understood in context and therefore met, within the educational setting of the classroom and the school. The new primary curriculum builds on the principles of the Early Years Foundation Stage and promotes play-based learning. In the early stage the content of the curriculum is generic to the area of learning therefore the curriculum is now more reflective of the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum and builds on and extends the experiences children have had during the Foundation Stage by planning for a variety of learning styles, such as role play, and imaginative play, visits and visitors, practical activities. Children’s personal and independent learning should be encouraged through opportunity to choose activities and resources, so encouraging their ability to make decisions and own their own work. This is already happening in the Foundation Unit and so supports the transition process. Data from the Foundation Stage Profiles is used to inform planning and assessment processes in Year One. The Year one teacher will look at the Foundation Stage profiles and start by ‘filling in the gaps’ as stated where children have not attained the Early Learning Goals by the end of the Reception years, Year 1 teachers should ensure gradual and smooth transition from the foundation ethos to the more structures, teacher-directed ethos of Key Stage,(Lesley Staggs, 2004) this can only be done if their learning journeys including foundation profile data are forwarded to her and that each child’s learning and personal needs are fully discussed with the Year One teacher. The teacher can then start to find out as much as she can about the child as a learner and to use the information to plan the next steps. Children in the Reception class with Special Educational Needs who receive one to one support or are part of our morning Nurture group, the transition will be handled sensitively to ensure support continues in Year One if appropriate. It is equally important that parents/carers are informed and asked about how they feel about the transition not only for their children but how they feel themselves. All families are important and should be welcomed and valued in all settings (EYFS 2. 2, 2008) Schools should have a very strong ethos of volunteer parental help within the classroom and in the school as a whole. This is well established in our Foundation Stage Unit and continues throughout Key Stage One and beyond. This tradition supports children in their transition between Key Stages. Parents/carers in the Early Years Foundation Unit and Key Stage One are offered the opportunity to attend a Family Learning free 14 hour course to help them to recognise how children develop number skills through play. It is designed to support parents in helping their child to achieve their full potential at school. During the Autumn term there will be a literacy based course held. Parents/carers will from this year receive a Key Stage One Booklet produced by the school at the beginning of the Autumn Term that supports parents in understanding the changes their child will experience, and so be able to support them during and after the summer school holidays in making the transition. Parent’s Evenings are held three times a year given opportunities for staff parents/carers to discuss child’s development and any concerns. In addition to this the Foundation Unit encourages an ‘Open Door’ policy where parents are welcome to come and discuss their concerns and their child’s needs at any time during the school year. This applies in Year One too. It is also important to remember that after the transition has taken place, Foundation Stage and Key Stage One Co-ordinators work with their teams to ensure that the transition Policy is implemented effectively and Foundation Stage and Key Stage One staff meet regularly throughout the year to discuss the progress of both groups and individual children in both Key Stages. In conclusion, I feel that by carrying out research before and during this module has helped me to understand the great importance of a smooth transition for children in the Foundation Unit moving to Key stage One and not only does it involve the children but also various staff members and parents/carers. It involves time, thought and commitment to ensure that it is a positive experience for all children and can only be a success by Foundation Staff and Year One staff working closely together. We are still in the early stages in our school at introducing new ways of working together as a team to produce a seam-free transition for every child, I think so far so good! We are coming to the end of Summer term one and strategies are in place for Summer Term Two including a draft copy of a Transition Policy. Unless the transition is well managed children may become disengaged, learning could be impeded and there may be a consequent rise in poor behaviour as children struggle to adapt to a different and more formal approach. (DFES 2004)

Helmut Newton

NEWTON HELMUT because of the threat of the Nazis. This turned out to be a gift to the world because it eventually gave him the freedom to pursue his now legendary career in photography. HELMUT NEWTON was born in Germany and later forced out of the country We see a lot of sexy photos of women in today's magazines, most of them designed only to titillate and excite men, having no artistic message that goes beyond â€Å"I am sexy†. In the fashion photography world, however, there is one man that has used the female form to delve into human nature even though it is viewed by many as pornographic and inappropriate.Helmut Newton, for decades, pushed the envelope in fashion photography. HELMUT NEWTON Born on October 31, 1920 in Berlin, Helmut Newton grew up in a privileged family. Due to his passion for photography, he stopped going to school and pursued an apprenticeship with Elsie Simon, a top photographer. He only had this job for a while because he had to leave Germany due to Ado lf Hitler's violent treatment of. He went to Singapore and got a job there but it did not last long though. He moved around Singapore for a while until he moved to Australia in 1940.There, he settled and built a new life with his wife, June Brunell. He continued following his passion for photography, eventually getting his work to appear in top fashion magazines around the world. Helmut Newton, 1978 HELMUT NEWTON His Career as a Photographer From his small photo studio that he built in Melbourne, he eventually got the creative momentum that led him to get his photos published in French Vogue in 1961. From there, his name became synonymous to the magazine's look and feel, leading to more work for other magazines such as Nova, Queen, Marie-Claire, Elle, Playboy and different editions of Vogue.His provocative photos of women earned him the titles â€Å"Prince of Porn† and â€Å"King of Kink†. This image of his kind of photography was cemented with the release of his book called â€Å"White Women,† an erotic publication that defines his style and artistic vision. Ornella Muti by Helmut Newton,1986 HELMUT NEWTON Purveyor of Powerful Women Helmut Newton images depicting women in men's clothing and depicting them as powerful figures, breaking all the molds built by society, made heads turned. It also led some people to ask for his head to roll.Even with all the controversy, he continued pushing the envelope in photographing women by taking images of nude bodies in provocative positions. It may have been met by scrutiny and rage in the beginning, but it eventually became the industry standard. His unconventional images of femme fatales made Helmut Newton a legend in fashion photography. Not even his death in 2004 would end his undeniable influence in how photography can exude power in women. Le Smoking by Helmut Newton,1975 HELMUT NEWTON A LegendHelmut Newton did not just limit his photography to nude women and fashion. He also shared with the who le world his early life as a survivor of the Nazi invasion in Germany. He took portraits of Nazi personalities and other people relevant to the very difficult time in world history. Helmut Newton images clearly show the world through the eyes of a nomad who wandered the earth, not giving a care to people's judgments and myopic views. Willy Van Rooy by Helmut Newton, Vogue 1967 HELMUT NEWTON Helmut Newton 31 October 1920 – 23 January 2004Newton died on January 23, 2004 due to a car accident in California. It was reported that he lost control of his car because of sudden heart attack. The 83 years old photographer crashed into the wall beyond the Hotel Chateau Marmont's driveway in Hollywood. HELMUT NEWTON Some of his work HELMUT NEWTON Dressed They’re coming (naked) Paris,1981 HELMUT NEWTON Miami,1978 Bergstrom over Paris,1976 HELMUT NEWTON Celebrities Naomi Campbell The face 1991 Sigourney Weaver Monica Bellucci Blumarine Spring-Summer 1993 (Ad Campaign) HELMUT NEWTON Thank You

Assignment 2 MJTJM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 2 MJTJM - Essay Example As a result, she developed an autonomous face generating and categorizing software, with which she gave unique presentations of the human face. The artist produces and displays artworks from DNA extracts of people from leftovers of substances such as cigarettes, chewing gums, and other items. Her work depicts the importance of scientific approaches to art. For instance, Dewey-Hagborg uses computer and laboratory technology to generate 3-D images of people from the extracts that she collects from public places. This work reviews one of her artistic pieces of work called Stranger Visions, which lasted from 2012 to 2014. The portrait reveals a scientific approach to human identity and the fact that the DNA codes represent genetic information of individuals. Precisely, the DNA is a carrier of genetic information concerning information and technology can decode the information to reveal identities of people. Strange Visions is a collection of portraits that the artist made from an assembly of DNA information from collected specimen of individuals. The portraits reveal that the DNA is found in people’s bodies. Its transmission is through anything that an individual comes in conduct with. At the same time, the work indicates that many people do not have the consciousness that they leave trails of their genetic information in almost all the places they visit. Another aspect of the DNA in the artwork is the fact that it provides essential information on crime detection. For instance, there are possibilities of constructing the exact identities of individuals from an analysis of collected specimens from a crime scene. For such a reason, the artist drives a sense of caution in individuals because she confirms through her work that tracking crime is that easy. For example, the art reveals all the facial aspects of the individuals from which she collects her specimen. Strange

Relative or friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relative or friend - Essay Example I have one brother and two sisters in my family. Both of my parents belong to working class. My father is a lawyer and my mother is a doctor. I am the eldest among my siblings. In my very early years of life, when I was the only child of my parents, I was given a lot of attention. My parents focused their complete attention on me which made me feel special. I remember my cousin would tell me whenever we met that his brother fought with him over petty matters, and did not share his toys with him. That made me feel sorry for him, yet I was happy that I had no one to share my toys with. I agree that I sound quite selfish but that was a matter of the past when I was only four years of age. I think quite differently about my siblings now, as I am grown up! When I was four years old, one fine morning my mom and dad brought a baby with them and told me that he was my brother. I was surprised at this shocking yet exciting discovery. It was a moment of both pleasure and displeasure for me. I had mixed feelings towards my younger brother, Jonny. I envied him as my mother took him into her lap and my father sang him nursery rhymes. I watched him grow up. As more time passed, I realized Jonny had made a big impact upon my personal relationship with mom and dad. With Jonny to take care of, mom and dad would not give me half as much time as they used to give me when I was their only child. I should not say they intentionally did it. May be it is just as difficult for all parents to balance their attention between all of their children. May be parents just do as they feel is required. Perhaps mom and dad thought I was sufficiently grown up to take care of things and understand matters while Jonny required more attention. Anyway, I was disturbed by this change. It felt quite unpleasant. I was in the kindergarten and had started to go to school while Jonny would stay at home. Mom and dad did explain to me that he was younger, so he had to be at home and that I was old enough to go to school, but their explanation hardly ever convinced me. However, soon after I started to go to school, I found studies quite interesting. May be that was a means of escape from the tensions arising from my lost status at home or perhaps, studies were really quite interesting, but I loved my education anyway. Time passed away and I approached grade 4. It was also Jonny’s second year in school. He was not quite good in studies and mom and dad had had a tough time making him study. I remember in grade 4, I read a chapter in my course book that explained to me my responsibilities towards Jonny as an elder brother. It was a very thought provoking and eye opening chapter for me and I learnt some great lessons from that. Having read the chapter, I realized that I was not fulfilling even half of my duties as an elder brother. I had never helped Jonny in his studies. Somehow, in my subconscious, I knew that if I took slight interest in teaching Jonny, he would come on the right track. That day, I decided I would change my attitude towards Jonny. I decided to fulfill my duties as an elder brother. I can not exactly tell whether it was a way to get back mom and dad’s attention that I was so longing for, but I became a loving and responsible elder brother. I helped Jonny learn nursery rhymes. I taught him how to write alphabets, how to pronounce them, how to link alphabets so